On Agreement and its interactions with Case A Lexical Functional Grammar Perspectives
Keywords:
Case, Grammatical Functions, Verbal agreement, Default agreement, Pashto. Subject
Abstract
The study examines the mechanism of verbal agreement, case, and their interactions in Pashto language. The finite verb in Pashto always agrees with the nominative SUBJect, if there is one, otherwise, it agrees with nominative OBJect. It confirms default agreement if the nominative case is not available in the clause and the case values are ERGative and DATive respectively having past tense or non-past with perfective and imperfective aspects. Pashto language prefers agreement with that of a SUBJect, if two available nominal expressions in the clause, are in the nominative case.
References
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Babrakzai, F. (1999). Topics in Pashto syntax. Ph.D. thesis, . University of Hawai.
Baker, M. C. (2008). The syntax of agreement and concord (Vol. 115): Cambridge University Press.
Baker, M. C. (2013). On agreement and its relationship to case: Some generative ideas and results. Lingua, 130, 14-32.
Bresnan, J. (2000). Optimal syntax. Optimality theory: Phonology, syntax and acquisition, 334-385.
Bresnan, J., Asudeh, A., Toivonen, I., & Wechsler, S. (2015). Lexical-functional syntax: John Wiley & Sons.
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Croft, W. (2002). Typology and universals: Cambridge University Press.
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Falk, Y. N. (2006). On the representation of case and agreement. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the LFG 06 Conference, Universität Konstanz. On-line: CSLI Publication.
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Haug, D. T. T., & Nikitina, T. (2016). Feature sharing in agreement. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 34(3), 865-910.
Kathol, A. (1999). Agreement and the syntax-morphology interface in HPSG. Studies in contemporary phrase structure grammar, 209.
Khan, A. A., & Khalid, A. (2018). Pashto-English codeswitching: Testing the morphosyntactic constraints of the MLF model. Lingua, 201, 78-91.
Khan, R. W. (2020). Argument Structure in Pashto: A Lexical Functional Grammar Approach. (PhD Unpublished thesis), Islamia College University,Peshawar Pakistan,
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Khattak, K. K. (1988). A case grammar study of the Pashto verb. School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London),
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Mirdehghan, M. (2013). Ergative case & agreement marking: similarities and variations in hindi/urdu, pashto and balochi languages. Dialectologia: revista electrònica(10), 59-86.
Mohanan, T. (1994). Argument structure in Hindi: Center for the Study of Language (CSLI).
Nichols, J. (1986). Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar. Language, 56-119.
O Grady, W. (1997). The syntax files. International journal of palliative nursing.
Penzl, H. (1954). Orthography and phonemes in Pashto (Afghan). Journal of the American Oriental Society, 74(2), 74-81.
Pollard, C., & Sag, I. A. (1994). Head-driven phrase structure grammar: University of Chicago Press.
Prince, A., & Smolensky, P. (2004). Optimality theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar Malden. MA: Blackwell.
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Rahman, G., & Bukhari, N. H. (2014). Case System in Pashto. Kashmir Journal of Language Research 17(1), 173-193. .
Roberts, T. (2000). Clitics and agreement. Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Shafeeve, D. D. (1964). A short grammatical ouline of Pashto: Herber H.Paper. The Hague: Mouton and Co.
Sigurðsson, H. Á. (1996). Icelandic finite verb agreement. Working papers in Scandinavian syntax (57), 1-46.
Tegey, H., & Robson, B. (1996). A Reference Grammar of Pashto.
Zaenen, A., Maling, J., & Thráinsson, H. (1990). Case and Grammatical Functions: The Icelandic Passive in Modern Icelandic Syntax. Syntax and semantics, 24, 95-136.
Alsina, A., & Vigo, E. M. (2017). Agreement: interactions with case and raising. Paper presented at the Butt M, King TH, editors. Proceedings of the LFG'17 Conference; 2017 July 25-27; Konstanz, Germany. Standford: CSLI Publications; 2017. p. 3-23.
Andrews, A. D., & Manning, C. D. (1999). Complex predicates and information spreading in LFG: Center for the Study of Language and Information.
Babrakzai, F. (1999). Topics in Pashto syntax. Ph.D. thesis, . University of Hawai.
Baker, M. C. (2008). The syntax of agreement and concord (Vol. 115): Cambridge University Press.
Baker, M. C. (2013). On agreement and its relationship to case: Some generative ideas and results. Lingua, 130, 14-32.
Bresnan, J. (2000). Optimal syntax. Optimality theory: Phonology, syntax and acquisition, 334-385.
Bresnan, J., Asudeh, A., Toivonen, I., & Wechsler, S. (2015). Lexical-functional syntax: John Wiley & Sons.
Butt, M. (2001). Case, agreement, pronoun incorporation and pro-drop in South Asian languages. Paper presented at the Workshop on the Role of Agreement in Argument Structure, Utrecht University. Available at http://ling. uni-konstanz. de/pages/home/butt/utrecht01-hnd2. pdf.
Butt, M. (2006). Theories of case: Cambridge University Press.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects ofthe theory ofsyntax. Cambridge, MA: MITPress.
Chomsky, N. (1982). Some concepts and consequences of the theory of government and binding: MIT press.
Croft, W. (1991). Syntactic categories and grammatical relations: The cognitive organization of information: University of Chicago Press.
Croft, W. (2002). Typology and universals: Cambridge University Press.
David, A. (2013). Descriptive grammar of Pashto and its dialects (Vol. 1): Walter de Gruyter.
Falk, Y. N. (2006). On the representation of case and agreement. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the LFG 06 Conference, Universität Konstanz. On-line: CSLI Publication.
Fillmore, C. J. (1968). The case for case. Universals in linguistic theory, ed. by Emmon Bach and Robert T. Harms, 1-88. New York. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Syntax-Semantics Interface in Psych-verb Constructions (2341), 201, 100363-100376.
Hamid, A., & Bukhari, N. H. (2017). Case, agreement and derivation of pashto Journal of Applied Enviromental and Biological Sciences, 7(12), 250-262.
Haug, D. T. T., & Nikitina, T. (2016). Feature sharing in agreement. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 34(3), 865-910.
Kathol, A. (1999). Agreement and the syntax-morphology interface in HPSG. Studies in contemporary phrase structure grammar, 209.
Khan, A. A., & Khalid, A. (2018). Pashto-English codeswitching: Testing the morphosyntactic constraints of the MLF model. Lingua, 201, 78-91.
Khan, R. W. (2020). Argument Structure in Pashto: A Lexical Functional Grammar Approach. (PhD Unpublished thesis), Islamia College University,Peshawar Pakistan,
Khan, R. W., Iqbal, M., & Anwar, M. (2020). Spatial, Temporal and Structural Usages of Pashto Case Marker ‘Ta’. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(2).
Khattak, K. K. (1988). A case grammar study of the Pashto verb. School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London),
Lefebvre, C. (1992). AGR in languages without person and number agreement: The case of the clausal determiner in Haitian and Fon. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique, 37(2), 137-156.
Mirdehghan, M. (2013). Ergative case & agreement marking: similarities and variations in hindi/urdu, pashto and balochi languages. Dialectologia: revista electrònica(10), 59-86.
Mohanan, T. (1994). Argument structure in Hindi: Center for the Study of Language (CSLI).
Nichols, J. (1986). Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar. Language, 56-119.
O Grady, W. (1997). The syntax files. International journal of palliative nursing.
Penzl, H. (1954). Orthography and phonemes in Pashto (Afghan). Journal of the American Oriental Society, 74(2), 74-81.
Pollard, C., & Sag, I. A. (1994). Head-driven phrase structure grammar: University of Chicago Press.
Prince, A., & Smolensky, P. (2004). Optimality theory: constraint interaction in generative grammar Malden. MA: Blackwell.
Rahman, G., Akber, A., Rustum, R., & Ali, S., Shujaat. (forth-coming). Agreement in pashto Kashmir Journal of Language Research
Rahman, G., Anees, M., & Khan, A. (2020). Topicalization in Pashto. Global Social Science Review, V(1), 163-171. doi:doi:10.31703/gssr.2020(V-I).17
Rahman, G., & Bukhari, N. H. (2014). Case System in Pashto. Kashmir Journal of Language Research 17(1), 173-193. .
Roberts, T. (2000). Clitics and agreement. Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Shafeeve, D. D. (1964). A short grammatical ouline of Pashto: Herber H.Paper. The Hague: Mouton and Co.
Sigurðsson, H. Á. (1996). Icelandic finite verb agreement. Working papers in Scandinavian syntax (57), 1-46.
Tegey, H., & Robson, B. (1996). A Reference Grammar of Pashto.
Zaenen, A., Maling, J., & Thráinsson, H. (1990). Case and Grammatical Functions: The Icelandic Passive in Modern Icelandic Syntax. Syntax and semantics, 24, 95-136.
Published
2021-09-07
How to Cite
KhanR., & IqbalM. (2021). On Agreement and its interactions with Case A Lexical Functional Grammar Perspectives. Pashto, 50(661). Retrieved from http://pashto.org.pk/index.php/path/article/view/167
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Articles
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